Dark Knight Massacre Shooting of Aurora Colorado Essay

Dark Knight Massacre Shooting of Aurora Colorado - Essay Example This resulted in 12 deaths and 50 injuries. Holmes himself was covered in bullet resistant clothes and addressed himself as ‘the Joker’ from the Batman villain fame. He had dyed his hair a flaming orange. Holmes did not resist arrest and was taken into custody. He is 24 years old PhD neuroscience student who is claimed to be brilliant and troubled at the same time. Upon investigation Holmes revealed that he had booby trapped his apartment and after a massive search operation police managed to recover hand grenades from his apartment. At the time of the shootings Holmes had setup loud music to play from his apartment, which was heard by many witnesses. I believe Holmes was a deranged man. He was unbalanced beyond awareness. Although he was a scientific genius, many proofs of his unbalanced, social behavior have been uncovered. He was not insane; I believe he was experimenting the same subject he was studying. Arguments of Opposition Many reports have emerged over time cla iming different things. One such report is that James Holmes was on a pharmaceutical drug Vicodin which the actual â€Å"Joker†, Heath Ledger, is also supposed to have abused. Report also suggests that exceeding Vicodin’s recommended levels makes for unusual behavior and altered mental states (Gucciardi, 2012). There are also reports of Holmes seeing a campus psychiatrist on June 11, 2012 (Press, 2012). Holmes made the last call to his psychiatrist just before the shootout. He is said to have submitted a notebook to his psychiatrist which is protected by patient-doctor privacy laws. A report states that Chris Townsond, who escaped unharmed, believes that a mental illness does not give anyone any right to kill somebody (Banda, 2012). No matter how badly broken and ill a person was no one has the right to massacre shoot an audience and spread mistrust and panic. Discussion and Analysis If Holmes was on a drug, especially one like Vicodin, he must have taken time to excee d the recommended dosage. He had seen a psychiatrist a month and 10 days back which would land him in a safe zone for drug abuse, which his psychiatrist would have detected. Vicodin is an opioid pain reliever, having narcotic properties. Unless it is used in combination with other substances, it has minor side-effects, with nervous system side-effects ranging from dizziness, delirium, depression to stupor. So far there has been no news on the notebook that was given to the psychiatrist by Holmes. The book which is protected by so-called laws is a very insightful piece of evidence which can evict the case. The deliberate attempt to keep the notebook under locks can be viewed as irresponsible on the part of judiciary. To keep the evidence sealed and hidden using laws is a clever way of concealing it. Initial reports by the police confirmed that Holmes was not mad or deranged when they caught him. He was in his senses. Some reports which reported survivor stories told how some survivor s saw him screaming at people to stand up from the crowd so he could shoot them at point blank range (Reporter, 2012). Yet his lawyers try time and again to prove he is mad and insane. His first appearance in court was a shock to many as he sat with glazed eyes as though medicated. When initial reports confirmed he was not medicated and not high, all his appearances in court have been put up to buy time and convince people that he had lost his mind and had committed a crime without knowing. Even in cell, his behavior

Comparing Ibn khaldun ecnomics theory with laffer curve, Taxation Research Paper

Comparing Ibn khaldun ecnomics theory with laffer curve, Taxation - Research Paper Example Ibn Khaldun appears as a forerunner of the prominent American economist Arthur Laffer whose suggestion complements that high rates contract the tax base since decrease the economic activity (Ibn et al. 1969). According to Laffer, the relationship amid tax and revenues is that changes in taxes have effects on profits. Ibn Khaldun’s concepts are comparable to those of supply economics that emphasizes incentives and tax reduction as a way of economic development. Ibn Khalduns’ taxation theory is considered a unique and one of his most significant contributions to the economic policy. His tax theory has cemented a place in the world of economics. The paper attempts to table experimental evidence that can support and fortify his tax theory. It similarly introduces Ibn Khaldun’s exemplary work Muqaddimah as well as economic ideologies seen in his work. On another account, the essay seeks to examine Ibn Khalduns’s theory and the Laffer curve comparatively. The key objective of Ibn Khaldun’s theory of taxation is to reduce to the lowest level possible the levies upon individuals capable of undertaking cultural enterprises. Through this way, the individuals will psychologically dispose of themselves to undertake their activities because there is an assurance that they will make a profit at the end of the day. He, therefore, advocates reducing the burden of taxation upon business entities, as well as producers, in order to entice the enterprise through guaranteeing greater returns to the entrepreneur, as well as revenue to the government. In practice, he realized that the government depends on low taxes. And for that reason, the enterprises increase in the number as well as size therefore permitting the growth of the tax base, revenue, and governmental surplus (Ibn et al. 1969). At the conclusion of a dynasty, taxation produces massive income from small valuation. The reason thereby is that when family trails the means of religion , it executes

Pride Before the Fall Essay Example for Free

Pride Before the Fall Essay It was once said by Abraham Lincoln, â€Å"Nearly all men can stand, but if you want to test a man’s character give him power. This quote helped me agree with John Acton Quote, â€Å"Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely†. Based on the fact that there is countless amounts of stories of people corrupting, from school principals to political leaders, power will corrupt. For my first example of corruption from power, is the story of a Middle School Principal. This Middle School principal was accused and found guilty to embezzling from her very own school. She was found embezzling over ten thousand dollars in things from dinner bills to electronics. This principal is for me a prime example of power corrupting because just cause she was in power she decided to take from what she was in charge of whether it was moral or not because she was in charge of the school and was only sentenced to four years in prison plus four years parole. Following was the example, which I thought was the most hypercritical, of ten Atlanta police officers. These ten police officers were being accused of corruption based on the fact that they were soliciting drugs. I thought thus to be major corruption because they only took the drugs because they were in uniforms and had supposed authority which they used for their own pleasure and benefits instead of what they were originally hired for which is the serve and protect. Finally was the example which came to me the quickest of a French man. This Frenchmans name was Maximillen de Robespierre most commonly known for being a major leader in the French revolution. Maximillen Robespierre was followed for his leadership skills but was once almost instantly corrupt when in power. What many people don’t know is that Robespierre was a reigning terrorist he used his power and his guillotine which he used in a combination to behead anyone who opposed him or his thoughts publically just to remain in power as long as he was able to.

Impacts of Climate Change on Global Food Security

Impacts of Climate Change on Global Food Security Amanda McDonald Earth, Environment and Society â€Å"The potential impacts of climate change on global food security go well beyond its effects on crop and livestock production. They ramify into bigger questions about economic access to food and social and political stability.† In 1948, the United Nations General Assembly synthesized a document titled ‘The Universal Declaration of Human Rights’. This document outlined the basic rights that all citizens, regardless of nationality, race, gender, or any other characteristic, are inherently entitled to. Article 25 of the declaration addresses the right to Food Security, â€Å"Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (The Declaration of Human Rights 1948). This declaration, being recognized by over 50 countries, exemplifies what a vital concern food security is for all nations and peoples. However, since 1948 the idea of food security has evolved. There are more factors that play into security and more damaging results due to increased globalization and population size. The principle risk to food security is climate change. Of course, small-scale agricultural and livestock production are adversely affected in many regions, but the effects of climate change, on a global scale are extremely detrimental. The World Health organization defines food security as being when, â€Å"all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life† (1966). As the impacts of climate change increase it will become increasingly difficult to achieve this goal. The Fifth Assessment by the IPCC (2014) offers a valuable explanation as to why food security is a growing concern. â€Å"Climate change threatens human security because it undermines livelihoods, compromises culture and individual identity, increases migration that people w ould rather have avoided, and because it can undermine the ability of states to provide the conditions necessary for human security. â€Å" Areas of the world that are isolated, either geographically or in terms of globalization typically have lower levels of income and national infrastructure that provide services and support. These factors amplify the harmful effects of having insecure food sources. When people are unsure of where their meals will come from, the instability can result in other reactions. These could take the shape of political uprisings, economic strife, or even starvation. There are already instances of this theory being demonstrated in countries around the world. India has recently experienced increased growth in their economy and food production, but there is still an alarmingly high rate of under-nourished citizens. On a small-scale, this is due to social inequality, political strife and few services, but when looking at the bigger picture, there is evidence that increased temperatures, unstable precipitation patterns and more extreme weather events are contributing to food insecurity. â€Å"The Gangotri glacier is already retreating at a rate of 30 meters a year. An increase in rainfall is simulated over the eastern region of India but the north-western deserts may see a small decrease in the absolute amount of rainfall. Diseases for human, crops and animals are on the rise. There is risk of continuous fall in productivity and production† (Hans 2014). When these factors combine, it is a ticking time-bomb until people attack their governments due to limited sources of food. The Maoist insurgency recently experienced in India, referred to by the Prime Minister, Manmoham Singh as being, â€Å"the single biggest internal security challenge faced by the country† has been attributed to hunger (Wade 2011). The Maoists (followers of communist ideologies), represent the interests of the indigenous locals and poverty-stricken families of rural India. They believe that these people have been ignored by the government for too long and are fighting for the fair allotment of resources. Their methods of achieving their goals are extremely violent and controversial, but it could be argued that they have noble aims. When people are starving, extreme measures are taken for survival (BBC 2011). It is inevitable that climate change will lead to reduced production of food, and this will also impact food prices, and who will be able to purchase different foods. Logically, people with more money will have more food security, and poor people will begin to suffer. Poorer communities spend the majority of their money on staple foods, because they cannot grow their own, so they will have to find ways to pay for higher food prices (Pritchard 421). When the prices of cereal foods were raised in 2011, over 44 million people were forced into poverty, according to the World Bank. This number persists well into 2015. Without mitigation, examples of these violent uprisings will continue to surface all over the globe. If we assume that the effects of climate change will continue to persist, and that the global population will continue to grow, it is wise to invest in adaptive strategies for food production. Adaptive efforts will cross-sect types of people, careers and priorities. There is no, single group of people who have to ‘deal’ with this. The changes implemented will affect everyone from rich to poor, powerful to weak, westernized to developing. Many farmers have invested time and research into diversifying their crops and livestock and investing in new technologies and insurance programs. For example, drought and flood resistant crops are being planted, drip irrigation is being utilized to limit water waste, and rotational grazing is improving soil health. These are just a small sampling of the simple yet effective innovations happening now. Climate change is one of, if not the greatest, threat to food security. The level of severity vastly differs depending on location and stability of the region, but it is undeniable, that increased populations and mounting tensions will result in unfavorable results is adaptive measures are not put in place. The future is uncertain, but to ensure the security of humanity, it is vital that we protect our environmental resources and focus on supporting more just societies. We can due this through education, supporting local leaders, and improving public services, and swiftly creating and implementing policy that facilitates positive change. These changes will result in reduced hunger, and ultimately, in a more peaceful world. Reference List: (IPCC) Adger,W.N., J.M. Pulhin, J. Barnett, G.D. Dabelko, G.K. Hovelsrud, M. Levy, Ú. Oswald Spring, and C.H. Vogel, 2014: Human security. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 755-791. BBC News Profile: Indias Maoist rebels. 2015.BBC News Profile: Indias Maoist rebels. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12640645. Hans, V. Basil,ImpactofClimateChangeonIndianAgriculture(May 12, 2014). Available at SSRN:http://ssrn.com/abstract=2435739orhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2435739 421; Pritchard, B. (2014) The problem of higher food prices for impoverished people in the rural global South, Australian Geographer, 45:4, 419-427 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 2015.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/. Wade, Matthew, Deadliest form of food fight. (2011).Deadliest form of food fight. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.smh.com.au/world/deadliest-form-of-food-fight-20110626-1glvg.html.

Tokyo Correspondence Etiquette :: essays research papers fc

As an employee of ABC International, a variety of your business contacts are neither from America nor American; therefore, knowing when and how to deliver effective and well written business correspondences, will help you avoid communication blunders and image-damaging errors that often come with cross-cultural exchanges. In addition to the common sense etiquette that comes with using your manners and being a gentleman, use these tips on cultural differences that could impact how you communicate with business contacts in Tokyo, Japan. Addressing Your Business Contact Drop â€Å"Mister† or â€Å"Misses† and simply add â€Å"-sama† to the last name of your business contact in formal situations and correspondences. If you are uncertain about the pronunciation or spelling of your contacts name, ask for assistance. Introducing Yourself Use last names at all times and do not request that clients call or write to you by your first name. When introducing yourself, business cards are an essential part of introductions and you will not be taken seriously without them. Double-sided business cards in Japanese and English are a must because they show potential business contacts that you are serious, and that you understand and respect their culture. Writing Effectively Write in a polite, non-offensive and respectful manner. Do not ask a Japanese business contact a question that has been phrased negatively. Eliminate jargon and excessive information and reread your correspondences before sending them to ensure that your meaning and tone are clear. In Japan, correspondences are different -- longer letters are favored. Solving Issues or Problems Avoid confrontations by not getting too pushy in your correspondences. Instead, try to get a confirmed date when expecting to receive an answer. At times, it may be impossible to get a straight answer from your business contact, but more than likely you will eventually get to a situation where everyone agrees if you simply â€Å"go with the flow†. By being aware of cultural differences between Americans and Japanese, you will be able to demonstrate proper etiquette and respect for your business contacts at all times. Communicating and writing effective correspondences will show your willingness to increase your cultural knowledge and increase your clientele. Tokyo Correspondence Etiquette :: essays research papers fc As an employee of ABC International, a variety of your business contacts are neither from America nor American; therefore, knowing when and how to deliver effective and well written business correspondences, will help you avoid communication blunders and image-damaging errors that often come with cross-cultural exchanges. In addition to the common sense etiquette that comes with using your manners and being a gentleman, use these tips on cultural differences that could impact how you communicate with business contacts in Tokyo, Japan. Addressing Your Business Contact Drop â€Å"Mister† or â€Å"Misses† and simply add â€Å"-sama† to the last name of your business contact in formal situations and correspondences. If you are uncertain about the pronunciation or spelling of your contacts name, ask for assistance. Introducing Yourself Use last names at all times and do not request that clients call or write to you by your first name. When introducing yourself, business cards are an essential part of introductions and you will not be taken seriously without them. Double-sided business cards in Japanese and English are a must because they show potential business contacts that you are serious, and that you understand and respect their culture. Writing Effectively Write in a polite, non-offensive and respectful manner. Do not ask a Japanese business contact a question that has been phrased negatively. Eliminate jargon and excessive information and reread your correspondences before sending them to ensure that your meaning and tone are clear. In Japan, correspondences are different -- longer letters are favored. Solving Issues or Problems Avoid confrontations by not getting too pushy in your correspondences. Instead, try to get a confirmed date when expecting to receive an answer. At times, it may be impossible to get a straight answer from your business contact, but more than likely you will eventually get to a situation where everyone agrees if you simply â€Å"go with the flow†. By being aware of cultural differences between Americans and Japanese, you will be able to demonstrate proper etiquette and respect for your business contacts at all times. Communicating and writing effective correspondences will show your willingness to increase your cultural knowledge and increase your clientele.

Philosophy of Teaching Essay -- Teachers Education Essays

Philosophy of Teaching Children are not required to have real jobs, but they are required to attend school everyday. A teacher’s job is to show children how to make special use of their time and value their educational opportunities. Students do not get paid for their eight a.m. to three p.m. job, but they will be rewarded for the work that they put in. Teachers will only be truly happy and successful if they are dedicated to working hard and providing a positive attitude for their students. The real reward will be the success of their students and the growth of their knowledge of the world around them. I have observed that becoming a teacher is different from training or studying for any other job. Teachers bring their work home with them, both literally and figuratively. All teachers need to bring home papers to grade and lesson plans to work on; yet, becoming a real teacher means taking the job more seriously. Teachers are mentors who tackle little problems that a particular student faces. Teachers deal with the challenges of making lessons fun, creative, and effective. Being a compassionate, caring teacher is a difficult task because educators only have limited time to really make an impact on their students. Most classes only last about forty minutes each day. However, a teacher can make a lifelong impact on the students if he or she devotes energy and creativity for the benefit of the students. I do not think that there is any one teacher who is perf...

Leadership in Sport Context Essay

Leadership is hard to specifically define, roles and attributes change to adapt to the environment and context needed. George and Jones define leadership as ‘ the exercise of influence by one member of a group or organization over other members to help the group or organization’ (2002,pg. 375). This definition can be broken down with two definitions; Firstly exerting influence over other members and second aiding in a group or organization achieve its goals. ‘Leadership is something everyone would like to claim as a personal attribute, but it is very difficult to get any consensus on quite what it means’. (Weightman, 2004, pg. 129) Many theories and models have been developed to discover different approaches to leadership aiming to identify different traits and characteristics thought needed to be a good leader. In this portfolio I am going to explore different leadership approaches and attributes within the context of sport. Through examples of current lead ers in sport I hope to identify similarities to theoretical evidence. Sport is a disciplined activity that demonstrates a lot of role models for leadership, not just athletes, a lot of jobs within the sport sector include leadership qualities. What makes a leader? The debate between is a leader born or made has opened up a lot of questions to what the attributes of a good leader are. Agreeing that a leader is influential and needs to inspire through organizing change makes us ponder weather traits of a leader are in their personalities or a skill you can acquire over time. Often leaders are associated with having certain personality traits that highlight them as an admirable person. Davis (1972) found the four general traits related to leadership success were: * Intelligence- leaders are found to have high intelligence than their followers * Social Maturity- self-assurance and self- respect and can handle a wide variety of social situations * Achievement drive- found to have a strong drive to get things done * Human- Relations attitudes- leaders know that they rely on other people to get things done, and therefore interested in their team members This traits model focuses on the personality that the leader has on contrast to the job that needs to be done. Agreeing that traits above would aid an individual to take control and lead others in order to influence, further research found the context in what your leading was equally as important. Building on Davis’s model it is important for a leader to be a people person that can withhold authority in a variety of situations, but also with the ability to display their views to a variety of people in intention to influence and inspire. Davis amongst others were previously unsuccessful in showing theoretical evidences that proved common personality traits or qualities. It was soon found more realistic analyses would be to consider the functions a leader demonstrate in order to fulfill his task specific to the context. Sport can be individual or team based but will still involve numerous people. A leadership model discovered in 1982 demonstrates the need of three leadership functions I found present in most sport leaders. These are: the task to be accomplished together, maintaining social cohesion of the group and individual needs of team members. This model shows the three independent functions and how they overlap to form a leadership style that focuses on achieving the outcome of the leader in this case success for a sports team or individual. If the task fails or performed badly, there is diminished satisfaction for the individual and the group tends to fall apart. If the group lacks unity, this will also affect performance. If the individual is discontented, then he or she will not give his or her best performance. This emphasizes the essential of unity of leadership, demonstrating a single action by a leader may influence all areas, and is specific to a sport context. Example Sven- Goran Eriksson- team manager of various football teams (including England) (www.guardian.co.uk) Sven admirable leadership displays most of Davis personality traits alongside achieving success for himself and various teams. Sven’s cosmopolitan background gives him an advantage within a wide audience of players and is well known for his expertise within football. Despite not getting too attached to people, that enforces authority; he creates empathy and trust within all he leads. A strong attribute is his diplomatic approach, he is seen to support and value the work of others. Demonstrating his ability in leading various teams to success he relates to Adair’s model. Maintaining a good cohesion between the team is very important within football but he doesn’t neglect the individual players needs. He implements their opinion into making good decisions for the team as a whole to lead them to success. Transformational Leadership Transformational leadership is best describes a leader who effects followers who are intended to trust, admire and respect. They are known for following and seeing through a personal vision whilst gaining trust of supporters. James Macgregor Burns introduced a concept of transformational leadership in his book Leadership in 1978. He defines ‘leaders and followers make each other to advance to a higher level of moral and motivation. Through the strength of their vision and personality, transformational leaders are able to inspire followers to change expectations, perceptions and motivations to work towards common goals’ (pg. 203, 2012). A sporting example of a transformation leader is Paula Radcliffe. Paula relates heavily to a later theory developed by Bernard M. Bass. Bass’s Transformational Leadership Theory He suggested leadership is defined as the impact it has on followers Burns identified 3 ways in which leaders transform their followers * Increasing their awareness of task importance and value * Getting them to focus first on team of organizational goals, rather than their own interests * Activating there higher-order needs Agreeing that people will follow a person who inspires them. Such individual needs to have a vision and passion and quest to achieve great things. ‘She puts all her energy and time in quest to be the best distance runner in the world’ (www.bbcsport.com) (www.sportsjournalists.co.uk) Yet to win an Olympic medal, all due to injury, she has brought the women’s marathon running to a new level and pushed the limits where no other women have gone. Paula supported many charities, alongside the progression of keen runners during her career. In 2004 she inspired many when joining Jonathan Edwards on an Olympic Special Millionaire, raising  £64,000 for charity. Excluding her physical achievements but she has been recognized for her personality and good sportsmanship through a number of awards. (Taken from my presentation) Ethical Leadership â€Å"Rowe (1997) points out, ethics can be taught in two very different ways. It can be taught using the models of absolute values, or as theologians and philosophers call them ‘ first principles’- That is, the absolute right and wrong ways of doing things. But it can also be taught in terms of how we all have our own way of seeing things. According to this view, values are relative to individuals and the situations in which they find themselves- the right way depends on the context†. Ethics pays an important part in sport for it is the discipline in rules and regulations that gives the entitlement to win and loose competition. Current competition requires a lot of testing prior, during and post competition in order to detect various methods of cheating. Many sports could be seen as unethical due to bad press of officiators, rules and regulations. The importance of ethics in sports defines giving everyone an equal opportunity showing no favouritism or discrimination. Paula highly demonstrates the traits of an ethical leader. Her career has consisted of fighting defend the fair-ness and reputation of the sport. ‘Most athletes were clean and we’re increasing becoming un-happy at the way the sport was being portrayed’ (www.paularadcliffe.com) Proving her ethical leadership qualities I have related Paula to the below model. This model states seven habits that a discovered commonly in ethical leaders. Seven Habits of Strong Ethical Leaders- Stephen R. Covey 1. Strong Personal Character 2. Passion to do right 3. Proactive Behavior 4. Stakeholder interest in mind 5. Recognition of their values as role models 6. Awareness that their decision making should be transparent 7. Holistic view of human beings and firm’s ethical culture Paula’s willingness to stand up for her rights and correct the sport permanently for others, was demonstrated by launched her campaign against ‘drugs in sport’ Despite the amount of drug tests required, it was discovered that the system was not capable of detecting the most effect and abused doping product using in running. She quotes ‘fear is no reason not to do what is right’ (www.paularadcliffe.com) In 2001 at Edmonton she held up a sign saying ‘EPO cheats out’. This was particularly aimed at a competitor that had been tested and found guilty of the blood doping, yet the result was over turned because the French testing authorities did not adhere to IAAF protocol. (www.paularadcliffe.com/gallery/images/08.jpg) Does Gender Effect Leadership? Sport is frequently seen as a masculine dominated sector. â€Å"Sport has been demonstrated to help some women achieve empowerment†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Theberge and Birrell, 1994, pg. 147) In all previous leadership theories mentioned none are specific to gender. With this is mind; still women in leadership are found to be in the minority. Fred Fielder recognises the effectiveness of a task should be considered in defining leadership. His Contingency theory of leadership, developed in 1961, focuses on 1) Why in a particular situations, some leaders will be more effective than other leaders even though they have equally good credentials. 2) Why a particular leader may be more effective in one situation and not another â€Å"Although women’s participation has risen, women’s involvement in sport as providers has dropped†. (Sports Council, 1992) The recent rise in women participating sport has lead to success in gaining responsibility in areas of sport such as leadership and coaching. The theory above I find is relevant for it can be used against women who are seen as good leaders just would be put out of context when it comes to sport. An example within sport is an American, Shannon Eastin Shannon Eastin made history by being the first female official in a male dominated sport, relating to fielders theory she was seen out of context for the job and is now recognised for her confidence of breaking the stereotype. Shannon became Inspirational for Women who feel not equal to take part in male orientated sports. (www.chargers.com) David Cotter et al defined four distinctive characteristics in his Glass Ceiling Approach (1988) 1. â€Å"A glass ceiling inequality represents a gender or racial difference that is not explained by other job-relevant characteristics of the employee.† 2. â€Å"A glass ceiling inequality represents a gender or racial difference that is greater at higher levels of an outcome than at lower levels of an outcome. 3. â€Å"A glass ceiling inequality represents a gender or racial inequality in the chances of advancement into higher levels, not merely the proportions of each gender or race currently at those higher levels.† 4. â€Å"A glass ceiling inequality represents a gender or racial inequality that increases over the course of a career.† This approach is commonly used when individuals or groups are stereotyped and therefore seen as unusual or abstract to be breaking these barriers. When successful of breaking the prejudice against them it is seen as breaking through the barrier to the glass celling. Previous women leaders in sport are seen to be very inspirational, they are made to feel not equal to take part in male orientated sports and therefore demonstrate the glass barrier celling approach when they do a lot making history for women in that context. Even though they might break down these barriers they still not be highly respected and followed by all and will be not seen as equal by all. In todays society there are many powerful female role models. An example in sport is Jessica Ennis. Through the 2012 Olympic she demonstrated her talents and perseverance in sport that achieved amazing results. (www.mirror.co.uk) Conclusion In developing my research from the tutorials I have found leaders are adaptable not only to context, but to individuals. People will find different qualities within the same person that they consider being a trait of a leader. â€Å"Even researches often disagree about which characteristics best describe leadership†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (George et Jones, 2005,pg. 275). Theories and Models help display similar characteristics within leaders but shouldn’t be used to define what a leader should be. Transformation and Ethical leaders are very common within sport for they are found to be influential to their public and demonstrate good morals within sport. All the leaders used in this portfolio are respected, followed and successful in completing their task in hand whilst being influential.