People Management Commitment to Environmental

Question: Discuss about the People Management Commitment to Environmental. Answer: Introduction Sustainability is one of the important concepts in achieving distinguished status. A company that is following sustainability at workplace shows distinguished performance when compared to the other organizations. Sustainable activities provide a high yield through remarkable performance guiding in developing business strategy. These activities are well-coordinated to develop an integrated business environment (Need.2006). It is not an add-on but a vital part for a company to succeed. The human resource function is responsible for managing the people in an organization. HR personnel play an important role in managing sustainability. HR role is to imbibe sustainability in whole business processes to increase productivity. His role in sustainability is changing at a rapid speed. There function includes uniquely positioning the implementation and sustainable strategy within an organization. 82% of the HR executives believe that sustainability has a positive impact on the corporate profit s. There is a need to cultivate a positive technology to align HR process with the goals of the organization. However it is easy to incorporate sustainability planning in a well-established business organization but at times it is difficult to implement it in a newly established organization. The main purpose of introducing sustainability in HR is to improve workforce lifecycle (Kazlauskaite Buciuniene, 2008). HR role in developing strategy and advancing sustainability It is essential for an organization to develop a sustainable strategy in every business function. The HR function is to formulate the plan in order to achieve environmental and social goals. It is the duty of the HR to balance the objectives with the given traditions to match the financial performance. The HR function includes serving as a partner while determining the requirements to develop corporate strategy for an organization (Boudreau Ramstad, 2005). Moreover a HR has to ensure that the employees implement the strategy in consistent with the organization. Sustainable human resource management is an important concept used by the HR to create a healthy environment at the workplace while motivating the employees about the organization needs (Ehnert Harry, 2012). A HR has a duty to encourage the employees through a comprehensive training program, assisting employees I finding an appropriate process to access different activities, designing the companys HRM structure in order to p romote equity and well-being and lastly contributing towards long-term employment security in order to avoid disruption (Dao, Langella Carbo, 2011). Sustainable HRM is about taking responsibility of the HR function in an organization. Modern organizations are driven by sustainability consideration. The HR function has to consider various factors to raise its own decision. The HR manager has to enable sustainability by building healthy relationship with the stakeholders. Sustainability has become an indispensable part in an organization. It is the duty of the HR manager to ensure sustainability and develop a strong mechanism in order to strengthen the internal process (Inyang, Awa Enuoh, 2011). Research has indicated that sustainable HRM contributes toward simulating economic, environmental and social goals. It is well reported that HR functions like selection, communicating, training and reward function can only be achieved if sustainability is achieved. The term green HRM is emerging in the society which clearly mentions the necessity of sustainability at workplace. They are using creative measures to reduce the total amount of wastage occurring in the whole process. Sustainable HRM is critical for the employee engagement and motivating tem to increase the overall yield. Top level encouragement is necessary to motivate the employees. Adopting sustainable development as an approach gives a positive message about the organization. This help in increasing the pool of qualified workers (Ehnert, Harry Zink, 2013). This will reduce the overall training cost given to the employees and enhance a better financial bottom. The role of sustainable HRM is to achieve the goals in order to examine trust and clarity for achieving social sustainability. This will help the company to address wider problems in the society. This will help in ensuring external rights, safety measures and mage high labor standards. HR can use the roadmap to make contribution towards the sustainability. The HR managers should use the international standards to frame the policies at the workplace in order to align them properly (Taylor, Egri O sland, 2010). Recommendations It is suggested that the HR manager should keep a proper file of each employee including all information. All the necessary forms related to the employment need to be kept carefully by the HR in order to manage the information. This should include the information related the staff of the first hospital at the lower, middle and senior level. He should check whether the employees had signed every document carefully or not. The HR manger should not miss even the minute information. The information mentioned in the form should be cross verified in order to check veracity (Mariappanadar, 2012). Develop a revised employee handbook It is advised to develop an employee handbook that mentions information about the employee. It includes the information related to Hospitals policies, procedures and benefits. The outline related to human resource practices need to be mentioned explaining the expectation. The content of the handbook depends upon the size of the hospital. It is the responsibility of the management to review the handbook timely in order to check that the information it contain is proper and updated. The management needs to ensure that every employee has the handbook so that they have information about the hospital culture (Mandip, 2012). The duties of each employee need to be given in the job description. The employer and the employee should have a copy of the job description and it needs to be signed by the employee. The job description is an important part of HR process which includes hiring, orientation and performance management. The job description describes the duty of every individual; it is recommended that the HR manager should review the job description which depends upon the performance evaluation (Ehnert, 2006). Proper interview/hiring process and training procedure There is a necessity to develop a proper hiring process to ensure that the best people are selected. The HR manager should ensure that the qualified employees need to be chosen while hiring the staff. The interviewer should have proper knowledge in order to imply his knowledge carefully. Behavioral interviewing skills are important for hiring qualified staff. The interviewer must be able to retrieve information related to the employees skills and past experience. The interviewer must be properly trained as they represent the organization. Proper training in advance helps in providing better information to the interviewee. This is necessary for an organization to provide ample of information in advance. Training process is an integral process of HRM. Training employees help in communicating ethos of the organization. Revise the performance evaluation program There should be an excellent performance evaluation process to create a win-win situation. Employees need to be given feedback on their performance. Positive feedback will motivate them to perform nicely. The HR manager needs to stay in touch with the employee to provide them with a positive feedback (Sharma, Sharma Devi, 2011). It is necessary to understand that employer should evaluate the overall performance of the employee. It can be a difficult task to evaluate the performance of the employees. Conducting employee evaluation helps in improving the performance of the individual employee this will leads to overall improvement. A HR is a link who works as an efficient force in between the organization and the employees (App, Merk Bttgen, 2012). Corporate Strategy It is essential for HR to see the impact on the sustainability programs in a way it motivates the people working in the organization. This will help in managing the overall sustainability strategy of the organization. Creating a managing an effective sustainability will help the organization to bring consideration. The corporate strategy must deliver the ethos of the organization while including each function. This will help in developing strong HR policies and create a sustainable environment in the organization. Modern organizations are very complex in nature which is difficult to be understood. The whole world has become a global hub where people interact to each other. The world business is working in co-ordination with each other in order to provide systematic solution to the organization. Modern business organizations work under cut-throat competition and it has become important for them to perform well. Sustaining in the global competitive environment has become a difficult fo r the multinational companies. It is necessary to keep a specialized competitive advantage in order to outperform. The requirements related to recruitment depend upon the market. They completely depend upon the future strategies of the organization. Corporate strategies of the company help in determining the future recruitment trends (Bratton Gold, 2012). Employee motivation and appraisal Appraisal programmes are one of the most important ways of motivating the employees. The performance appraisal plays an important role which will help in developing the training and development programme. Induction programme is important for the organization to motivate the employees in a positive direction. It helps in achievement of goals led by the individual and the organization. Motivated employees help in enhancing the overall productivity whereas organizations that do not run motivational programme at workplace fails to perform. A friendly and flexible environment at the workplace helps in attaining high degree of satisfaction. Organizational leverage sustainability Todays organizations need to make strict decision related to business to justify expenditure. It is difficult to determine ROI for sustainable related activities. It is not an easy task for the organizations to find outcomes based on measurement tools. Sustainability is a persistent practice carried in the organizations to achieve the desired results strategically. It will be difficult for an organization to achieve sustainable outcome without the support of the executive machinery. It is necessary for executive-level employees to achieve sustainability. Organizations can leverage sustainability to attract business in order to engage employees at every level. Demands of people are changing everyday and the role of HR is becoming Vital for the growth of the organization (Kramar, 2014). There is a need of a strategic approach to incorporate a performance culture in the organization. Performance can only be attained if every function of the organization works in coordination which will result in an enhanced productivity. A HR has to build a time based strategy to ensure flexibility to the employees so that they can feel free to interact. Information based strategy helps in sharing information through intranet. Communication is important for an organization to sustain. It is necessary to build a comprehensive communication structure in order to communicate at different level. It is the duty of the HRM department to create the Business Case and to Impact the Bottom Line. The HR should make contribution towards corporate sustainability in order to make a positive difference in the working of the organization. It is recommended that the HR manager need to improve the workforce cycle which includes recruiting hiring, training, evaluation, promotion, career development and retention of top talent. Attaining high level efficiency is important to attain productivity and profits. It is necessary to enable organizational ethos while enabling changes. This will provide a strong brand name and gives a competitive advantage (Allen Wright, 2006). Conclusion The emerging concept of sustainable HRM has evolved in recent time that has helped in providing strong implication. It is the duty of the HR to support the development and implementation of the corporate sustainability strategy at the corporate level. HR contribution is essential for the sustainable strategy implication. It helps is adding value to the organization and develops a synchronized structure. HRM needs to provide HR solution in order to achieve the desired result. Sustainability is an interesting approach to carry out the business function in order to align the business function. This is one of the important approaches to adopt an iterative process. These policies help in keeping a track over the business activity. HR process has a duty to achieve a sustainable performance in order to achieve desired result. The policies help in keeping a track over the activities happening in the organization. References Allen, M. R., Wright, P. M. (2006). Strategic management and HRM.CAHRS Working Paper Series, 404. App, S., Merk, J., Bttgen, M. (2012). Employer branding: Sustainable HRM as a competitive advantage in the market for high-quality employees.Management revue, 262-278. Boudreau, J.W. Ramstad, P.M.,( 2005). Talentship, talent segmentation, and sustainability: A new HR decision science paradigm for a new strategy definition.Human Resource Management,44(2), pp.129-136. Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012).Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Dao, V., Langella, I., Carbo, J. (2011). From green to sustainability: Information Technology and an integrated sustainability framework.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,20(1), 63-79. Ehnert, I. Harry, W., (2012). Recent developments and future prospects on sustainable human resource management: introduction to the special issue.Management revue, pp.221-238. Ehnert, I., Harry, W., Zink, K. J. (Eds.). (2013).Sustainability and human resource management: Developing sustainable business organizations. Springer Science Business Media. Ehnert, I. (2006, March). Sustainability Issues in Human Resource Management: Linkages, theoretical approaches, and outlines for an emerging field. In21st EIASM Workshop on SHRM(pp. 30-31). Inyang, B. J., Awa, H. O., Enuoh, R. O. (2011). CSR-HRM nexus: Defining the role engagement of the human resources professionals.International Journal of Business and Social Science,2(5), 118-126. Kazlauskaite, R., Buciuniene, I. (2008). The role of human resources and their management in the establishment of sustainable competitive advantage.Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics,5(60), 78-84. Kramar, R. (2014). Beyond strategic human resource management: is sustainable human resource management the next approach?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(8), 1069-1089. Mandip, G. (2012). Green HRM: People management commitment to environmental sustainability.Research Journal of Recent Sciences. Mariappanadar, S. (2012). Harm of efficiency oriented HRM practices on stakeholders: An ethical issue for sustainability.Society and Business Review,7(2), 168-184. Need, W. C. D. H. P. (2006). Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. Sharma, S., Sharma, J., Devi, A. (2011). Corporate social responsibility: the key role of human resources management.Human Resource Management: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities,9. Taylor, S., Egri, C., Osland, J. (2010). HRMs Role in Sustainability: Systems, Strategies, and Practices.Human Resources Management Call for Papers. Cohen, E., Taylor, S., Muller-Carmen, M. (2010).(IMAGE). HRs role in corporate social responsibility and sustainability.SHRM Foundation, Alexandria. Retrieved from: https://www.shrm.org/about/foundation/products/Documents/CSR%20Exec%20Briefing-%20FINAL.pdf (Accessed on 22 December 2016)

All Souls Essay free essay sample

All Souls Essay In the memoir All Souls, by Michael Patrick MacDonald, one significant event that takes place were the busing movements, along with the riots that followed. During the 70s, when Michael was very young and in grade school, the Boston busing crisis began. The Boston government began busing kids to schools in different neighborhoods, in an attempt to desegregate schools. This caused mass outrage in many areas, especially Southie. Outside of Southie and the projects, society expected people accept these changes and to accept the desegregation. But in Michael’s community, everybody was against this, and took violent actions against it. By both his family and his community, Michael was expected to be against the busing movements. As it would turn out, Michael was also against it. He went as far as to throw rocks at the buses coming into his town. He described it as shameful if you did not partake at least a little bit in the violent acts. We will write a custom essay sample on All Souls Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This example of the busing is a great example of how one’s mind is influenced by others. Here, Michael can be influenced by one of two sides; larger â€Å"outside† society telling him to accept the busing, or his family and small community telling him to deny it. I feel as if no matter who or what, one is much more influenced by the ones closest to them, whether it be a close family or a close community. Michael describes in the book that at many points, it feels like it’s Southie vs. the World. And no matter what, as another member of the Southie community, Michael will side with his home.

Maths Coursework Number Grid Essays

Maths Coursework Number Grid Essays Maths Coursework Number Grid Essay Maths Coursework Number Grid Essay I will start my investigation by looking at 2 by 2 squares. I will draw a square around 4 numbers, find the product of the bottom left and top right numbers and the product of the top left and bottom right numbers, then calculate the difference between the 2 products. I will see if there are any patterns and if so I will try to work it out algebraically.I will then look at changing the size of the squares to see if there are any patterns. I will try looking at 3 by 3 squares, 4 by 4 squares and 5 by 5 squares; I will do the same with these squares as I have with the 2 by 2 squares, I will find the products of the top left and bottom right and the bottom left and top right numbers then calculate the difference between them.Once I have fully investigated the patterns within the squares and found an algebraic formula for the patterns I will look at rectangles. I will start by looking at a 3 by 2 rectangle and looking for patterns there; if I find a pattern I will try to work out a formula for this pattern. I will then try changing the size of the rectangles and looking for patterns there. I will look at 2 by 4 rectangles, 5 by 3 rectangles and 4 by 5 rectangles.I will also look at changing the size of the number grids to see if this has an affect on the patterns. I will look at a 9 by 9 grid, an 11 by 11 grid and a 5 by 5 grid. I will be looking for patterns in 2 by 2 squares within the different size grids and trying to find an algebraic formula to explain my findings.First of all I am looking at 2 by 2 squares within a 10 by 10 grid. The squares I am looking at are highlighted in the grid below. I chose these squares randomly; there is no particular reason why I chose them.he different size grids and trying to find an algebraic formula to ex

Individual analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual analysis - Essay Example Working on my weaknesses and drawbacks would be another key goal that I would like to set for enabling me to achieve my desired career objectives within the speculated time period (DeVol, Shen, Bedroussian and Zhang, 2013). The first goal that I would set in the process of achieving my desired career is to gain an entry level position in a reputed company that works in the investment banking domain. From there on, I would like to keep on learning new skills and enhancing my efficiency in the related area to ensure that I reach a higher position in the company. Moving up the management and corporate ladder can only be done by enforcing suitable discipline and motivation in my daily job role. Thus, the short term career goals would be to enhance my skills and capabilities, the medium term goal would be to look for a proper job in the investment banking sector and the long term goal would be to create a strong position for myself in the company that I would work in (Breannan, 2013). The current competencies and skills that I already possess are strong knowledge in finance and financial management. Also, my background of commerce studies is likely to help me in understanding the basic requirements related to investment banking in any company. I am good at crunching numbers, have sufficient interest in the domain of finance and investment and also possess much relevant knowledge of the banking industry through my college projects and internship experiences. Additionally, the fact that I have sufficient leadership skills, motivational skills and the ability to work in a group makes me a team player as well as a motivator (Schreuder, 2006). This can help me to gain entry into a company and subsequently create an influential position for myself in the same. I am also bestowed with good communication skills, fluency in multiple languages and public speaking, all of which I think would be useful for me at different phases of my career. While I am

Managing Activiies to Achieve Results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Managing Activiies to Achieve Results - Essay Example Here, for this assignment, this author has chosen the example of a pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, where these themes are equally applicable. Pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive, and every step of functioning in this industry is governed by business process management to improve products and services to the customer with maximal efficiency. An efficient system must be usable, and people must be convinced about the usefulness of it. Thus the developmental journey must be people centric, where the trench people must not feel excluded. They need to be consulted, listened to, trained and communicated with on a regular basis. They must understand the business process and its benefits. Conviction of people about the reasons of the process change, the necessity of it would promote them to take ownership and responsibility. The organisational structure would enable that. The organisational structure and culture are important parameters and preconditions for fostering an environment where people would understand clearly what is expected of them and how they are significant in the new structure and process (Morrill, 2008). There are many components in the structure and culture. The components are logically connected in such a way that there is a meaningful concept of fitment among the different components of organisational struc ture and the cultural settings. In the stated organisation, the decision makers implement change processes interpret and utilise the environmental culture to shape the organisational structure. Sometimes depending on the situation, a double-loop change process is utilised where within the organisational structure, the members of one culture impose their favoured structures on organisational members coming from different cultures. Sometimes, again depending on the situation, the organisational hierarchy utilises the naturally socially constructed organisational structure and culture (Walsh, 2004). Mission and Aim of Organisation and Effects on Structure and Culture The objective and aim of the organisation has important impacts on its culture and structure. If by organisational structure we mean formalisation and centralisation and if organisational culture means participative decision making, support and collaboration, and learning and development, both must interrelate. The aim and objective of this organisation is to produce innovative pharmaceutical products, and thus it means technological processes, administrative control, and product manufacturing. Studies by Jantan et al. (2003) have shown that both participation in decision making and support and collaboration and learning and development have demonstrable positive effects on administrative innovation. Although structural variables appear to be unaffected, they may affect the cultural variables (Jantan et al., 2003). Bate et al. (2000) highlights the role of aims and goals of an organisation in shaping the structure and

Security And Confidentiality On The Internet Information Technology Essay

Security And Confidentiality On The Internet Information Technology Essay On 9th of November 2009 The Internet teacher requested 3000 word report related to the FETAC Internet module. This report was to be submitted by 14th of January2010. The topic of the report is Security and Confidentiality on the Internet with reference to cookies, viruses, encryption, digital signatures, firewalls, filtering software and personal privacy. Recommendations were requested. 2. Method of Procedure I found most of the information on the internet. In order to obtain the relevant information, I used Google Search Engine with keywords in English: Internet Security, Privacy on the Internet, Malware, Computer Viruses, Cookies, Firewalls, Filtering Software, Encryption, Digital Signatures, Computer Protection, Threats on the Internet. Keywords in Lithuanian: Privatumas Internete, Saugumas Intenete, Kompiuteriniai Virusai, UgniasienÄ-s, Filtravimo PrgraminÄ- Ä ®ranga, Ã…Â  ifravimas, Skaitmeninis ParaÃ…Â ¡as, Pavojai Internete. Also, some printed sources of information such as books and a periodical press in English and Lithaunian were adopted. Several pages for each topic were checked to confirm that the information was correct and fully understud. That hepled me to make conclusions and to give recommendations. 3. Findings 3.1 Importance of Subject With the progress of affordable technology more of us store more and more of our life in bits and bytes. By the end of 2009 there was more than 1,5 billion Internet users in 260 countries on every continent. The Internet is not a single network, but a vast array of connected networks situated all over the world, easily accessible by personal computers, notebooks, netbooks, smartphones, PDAs, game consoles, advanced TVs, same photo cameras or even kitchen appliances as hi-tech fridges and microwaves in a variety of ways. Today, the Internet uses gateways, routers, broadband connections, Wi-Fi spots and Internet service providers (ISPs) to make itself available at all times. Individuals and organizations worldwide can reach almost any point on the network without regard to national or geographic boundaries or time of day, there is some exceptions regarding to Internet censorship. Nowadays, it become hard to find the business without any connection to the Internet, because of its excellent source of marketing, convenience, high speed, low cost, and almost unlimited possibilities. Institutions of education, hospitals, banks, institutions of public service, providers of mobile service and internet, utility companies and of course our government has our personal information on their computers and they are connected to the Internet. With the birth of Social Networking Sites such as Bebo, Facebook, MySace, Twitter ect., we sharing our pictures, personal details, our thoughts and lives with friends and if we are not careful with everybody on the Internet. Just Facebook on its own has more than 400 million users. Even more, with new generation of Internet- Cloud Computing, individuals and business users are storing less data on their hard drives and more in the cloud- remote servers, operated by giants like Google and Amazon. However, while using the Internet, along with the convenience and speed of access to information come new risks. Among them are the risks that valuable information will be lost, stolen, corrupted, or misused and that the computer systems will be corrupted. If information is recorded electronically and is available on networked computers, it is more vulnerable than if the same information is printed on paper and locked in a file cabinet. Intruders do not need to enter an office or home, and may not even be in the same country. They can steal or tamper with information without touching a piece of paper or a photocopier. They can create new electronic files, run their own programs, and even hide all evidence of their unauthorized activity. So if we are closing and locking the door in our house to prevent criminals gain access to our valuables, we must take care of our house and life in the digital world and use all possible security and privacy on the Internet measures against the threats. WORLD INTERNET USAGE AND POPULATION STATISTICS World Regions Population ( 2009 Est.) Internet Users Dec.31,2000 Internet Users Latest Data Penetration (%Population) Growth 2000-2009 Users %of Table Africa 991,002,342 4,514,400 67,371,700 6.8 % 1,392.4% 3.9 % Asia 3,808,070,503 114,304,000 738,257,230 19.4 % 545.9 % 42.6 % Europe 803,850,858 105,096,093 418,029,796 52.0 % 297.8 % 24.1 % Middle East 202,687,005 3,284,800 57,425,046 28.3 % 1,648.2% 3.3 % North America 340,831,831 108,096,800 252,908,000 74.2 % 134.0 % 14.6 % Latin America/Caribbean 586,662,468 18,068,919 179,031,479 30.5 % 890.8 % 10.3 % Oceania / Australia 34,700,201 7,620,480 20,970,490 60.4 % 175.2 % 1.2 % WORLD TOTAL 6,767,805,208 360,985,492 1,733,993,741 25.6 % 380.3 % 100.0 % Copyright  © 2001 2009, Miniwatts Marketing Group 3.2 Personal Privacy Total privacy does not exist on the Internet, but it is possible to minimize the risks. Most security breaches are not done by technology, but by social engineering. In security, people is the most risky factor of all, yet its the one thing thats often forgotten. A company may setup firewalls, security software, locks and fingerprint scanners, but if they forget to establish and enforce a well designed security policy, they have forgotten the most important part. The easiest way to get a password from someone is just to ask! In more likely situations, an attacker may simply call random people and pretend they are a tech support person trying to fix a problem, and ask for confidential information as part of the diagnostic. Pretexting Pretexting is the way of stealing information by providing just a little bit of known information, and pretending to be someone youre not. Thats how identity thieves can call banks and, after a few tries, by simply providing basic information about the target, get all the data they want. Phishing Phishing is when you receive an email that looks like its from your bank, Paypal, online shop or another secure site you use, and asking you to login to confirm your information. It works in this way: the criminals sets up a website which looks like the genuine one and then sends phishing email to thousands of people, until they find somebody. Then when the person tries to login, his login information is intercepted by the bad guys and used to steal valuable information. Malware Malicious programs, especially Key loggers can record what keys on the keyboard you are pressing when login to secure websites, to obtain your username and password. Often Key loggers are incorporated together with Trojan Viruses, programs which pretends to be useful software i.e. antivirus or computer maintenance programs, to send stolen information to the criminals. Privacy threats on Social Networking Sites Internet users have to be very careful with the private information that they share on the web. Internet is becoming very popular way to communicate with people. Most people who give too much of private information about themselves arent aware about the risks they taking. There are people who can pretend to be your friends, gain information and use this information against you for blackmailing, psychological terror or for access to secure private pages. Conclusions and Recommendations The offenders are always inventing new methods to steal private information. We have to be aware about that, constantly refresh our knowledge about security and existing scam schemes and take all possible security measures by using trusted up to date security software. Never click a link in an email from unknown sender, never download from an untrusted source, and always type in the address of your financial sites to access them. Need to avoid to disclose sensitive information online especially to the people we dont know very well. Also we have to remember that these attacks also can be done offline. Most identity thefts are done by people simply going through rubbish bins and getting confidential data that was thrown out, like a bank statements, invoices, payslips ect. We cant do much to secure our personal data collected and stored by businesses and institutions which can also be stolen or misused, just hope that they will take same good care as we do. 3.3 Cookies What are Cookies? Cookies are a piece of text that a web server sends to web browser and are stored on a users hard disk. Main purpose of cookies is to help prepare customized web pages with our settings, interests, browsing habits. It works in similar way to loyalty cards i.e. if we bought a book in Amazon internet shop, next time when we come back to Amazon first it will offer similar books to our purchase. Cookies do not act maliciously on computer systems. They are text files that can be deleted at any time. Cookies cant be used to spread viruses. But because any personal information that we gave to a web site will be stored in a cookie some people can accept it as a threat to privacy and anonymity. To prevent misuse of information in the cookie if its stolen, information in the cookie is encrypted. How do They Work? When we visit a site that uses cookies, it can ask the browser to place one or more cookies on the visitors hard drive. It will contain our name and password, fill in form i.e. delivery addresses and basically what we do in the page. Next time, when we come back to the site the web browser sends back the cookies that belong to the site and then we will see personalized Web page with our details. Generally cookies help us to save a little bit of time. And we always have possibility to switch it off, however internet shopping web pages requires cookies to accesses them. How Could I Prevent/Manage Cookies? If we want to delete cookies we have to follow these steps: Internet Explorer: Tools /Internet options/Security /Set security level to high or custom level/Cookies/Disable. Mozilla Firefox: Tools/Options/Privacy/Cookies/Uncheck/Allow sites to set cookies Other options are to use designated Cookie Managing software or to use advanced Antivirus programs which also have the option to control cookies, to block cookies that we dont want and save only the cookies that we want. Conclusions and Recommendations I think that cookies are useful because we can get personalized information to read, do not spend time on security questions where it is necessary to enter a password, we dont have to spend time filling up same forms. Cookies do not collect information saved in the computer, it can contain only private data that we give to a website on our own free will. And if we dont want some cookies we are able to remove them from computer when we want. Some websites such as internet banking, e-shops and similar are impossible to use properly without allowing the cookies. 3.4 Viruses What is a Virus? Computer viruses are small malicious program codes, which are designed by using various techniques to hide themselves inside the executable files. Their aim is to replicate, spread between the computers using removable media or network and to interfere with computer operation: slowing down computer, damaging or deleting data, disturbing users and wasting time by showing annoying massages. Virus can be classified by several characteristic: depend on the origin, on the way how they infect computer, on the place where they hide, on the damage that they can cause However, the computer virus is only one type of the malicious software or malware, but majority of computer users referring to all malicious programs (Trojan horses, worms, rootkits, spyware etc.) as the viruses. Type of Virus Different viruses can have many common characteristics and constantly appearing viruses with new specifications or combinations. Resident Virus. Loads the replication module into RAM memory when is executed, after this virus can infect all files that are accessed by user or operating system. If the antivirus program fails to spot the virus in the RAM it can infect all scanned files. FAT Virus. The File Allocation Table is a fundamental element in the system it works like an index, keeping information where is the files stores on the hard disk drive (HDD), which sectors are empty etc. If this vital index is destroyed by virus, it makes impossible for computer to locate files. It also can overwrite the files or entire directories corrupting them permanently. Sometimes the only solution to fix the computer affected by FAT virus is to format hard disk drive. Huge downside of this is that all information on HDD will be permanently erased. Virus of Direct-Action. Sometimes referred as Non-Resident Virus, they are unlike to resident virus, not loading in to RAM memory. They try to infect the programs and cause damage at the moment of execution of infected file. Most of viruses are Resident. Overwriting Virus. Most destructible type of virus, it overwrites the information in the infected files corrupting them permanently. If you dont have the back-up copy of your files its a bad news because the only way to get rid of this type of virus is to delete infected files. Boot Virus. Also known as System Virus. These viruses infect critical section with boot code on hard disk or another bootable media storage that helps to start computer. When the computer starts up and the boot virus is launched, it can take complete control over infected computer and does everything it wants (steal private information, delete system files etc.) Clean bootable antivirus software required to disinfect the system. However depend on the virus this solution is not enough to clean bootable sector. Macro Virus. Macros are micro-programs associated with a file that serve to automate joint complexes of operation. Macro virus expand from applications which use macro, word document (file with extension .doc),Excel (file with extension .xls) data of Access (file with extension .mdb), Power point (file with extension .pps). When we open a file containing a virus of this type of macros are automatically loaded causing the infection. Most applications that use macros have, but many macro viruses easily circumvent this protection. Multipartite Virus.Very advanced type of virus that can perform multiple infections combining different techniques. These viruses are considered very dangerous, for its ability to combine many techniques of infection and harmful effects of their actions. File Virus. Infect programs or executable files (files with extension .ex and .com) when run the infected program, the virus becomes active, producing different effects. The majority of exiting viruses are of this type. Logic Bombs.Neither virus is considered strictly as they do not reproduce. They are not separate programs, but hides in an unmarked segment within another program.They aim to destroy the data on a computer or cause other significant damage on it when certain conditions are met. While this does not happen, no one notices the presence of the logic bomb. Its action can be extremely destructive. Trojan Virus.Trojan arent considered virus, because they dont replicate themselves. Trojans are commonly hidden in the programs that appliers to be useful, but instead opens unauthorized access to users computer. Trojans also can be installed thorough web pages with executable content (ActiveX control), email attachements. The effects of the Trojan can be very dangerous, allowing remote control from other computer (downloading, uploading, modifying or deleting files), installing key loggers and other malware, connecting computer to botnet (sending SPAM messages, perform network DDos attacks). How can computers become infected and what damage can cause? Viruses can infect computers through: Internet (email attachments, infected web pages, downloading infected files) Computer networks Removable Media Drives Virus Symptoms: The computer runs very slow Reduces the available memory The computer shuts down or freeze frequently There are programs which do not work or malfunction There is less free space on your hard disk Computer files disappear Strange messages appear on the screen. Some file are renamed or extended Conclusions and Recommendations Not everything that affects the normal functioning of a computer is a virus. Is very important to have means to detect and disinfect viruses use an antivirus program and update daily (use default settings). Scan all removable disks before use it and scan computer periodically at least once a week. 3.5 Firewall A firewall is a system that protects a computer or computer networks blocking unauthorized network access while permitting authorized communications. Firewall can be implemented in software, hardware or combination of both. Firewall is placed between protected and unprotected networks and acts as a gate to protect network or single computer, by inspecting network traffic, applying rules and allowing or denying connection. Firewall can use different techniques to do so: Packet filter (inspects every information packet passing through the network) Application gateway (applies rules to specific applications such as FTP, Telnet servers.) Circuit-level gateway(applies rules to TCP or UDP connections, when are made there is no further inspection.) Proxy Server (checks all network activity passing through network.) Conclusions and Recommendations Everyone should use a firewall against network intruders to protect computer and private information. Most of the antivirus programs and operating systems have integrated firewall software. Minor disadvantage of firewall, it can slow down Internet traffic and can be tricky for not advanced users to set-up it properly (not blocking traffic for useful programs). 3.6 Filtering Software The filtering software is designed to control what contents are allowed to be accessed on Internet. Often its installed on the computers of educational, government organizations, private companies. Filtering software is commonly used by parents to prevent their children from having access to certain web places unsuitable for minors. It also can be used as the mean of censorship in some countries. How does it work? Nowadays on the market there are many options of filtering software with various techniques and content filtering to prevent from harmful online material. The filtering programs works like that: Address blocking websites containing such content Controlling access times Accepting default address list Possible to establish your own list of addresses Assigning different profiles or different days and times(work, leisure, etc.) Controlling which services can be used at any time and for each user (mail, chat, etc.) Advantages and disadvantages of Filtering Software. Advantage of filtering software is that does not allow minor to access pages of violence, pornography, racism. In a work place it prevents employees of wasting their time and resources for personal proposes (chatting online, social network pages, etc.). Main disadvantage is over-zealous filtering. Par example, in some filters attempts to block the word sex would block words such as Essex and Sussex and etc. Internet censorship in some countries limits freedom of speech for different reasons and that is not a good thing. Some Filtering Software examples. Netnanny, Mobicop, DansGuard, CleanFeed,Web Sence 3.7 Encryption Its a method to convert the characters of a text that can not be understood unless it is read with the corresponding key. Used to protect the integrity of secret information if it is intercepted. Encryption is also used when data is sent via secure intranet (VSPN). Encryption is used for electronic commerce to protect credit card information. How does it work? The keys are the heart of the encryption. The keys are complex mathematical formulas (algorithms) used to encrypt and decrypt information. If someone encrypts a message, only one with the appropriate key can decrypt the message. Algorithms are used to perform a hash function. This process produces a unique MD5 for this message. The MD5 is encrypted with the senders private key resulting in a fingerprint. Conclusions and Recommendations Everyone who has and important or secret information (banks, hospitals, government, universities, e-commerce sites) they have to keep this information in secret from fraudsters. In recent years, it was few cases when portable computers of government organizations with secret information were lost or stolen. Laptops (portable computers) became more and more popular and most of us have some kind of personal information on our computers. So it is very important to have that information encrypted, in case of losing it. 3.8 Digital Signatures A set of data in electronic form attached to or associated with others which are used to identify the signatory, which allows you to check the provenance, authenticity and integrity of messages exchanged over the Internet. There are two types of electronic signatures: basic and advanced. The basic does not guarantee the identity of the signer, neither the veracity of information received since the sending does not ensure that the issuer has made it known to us, while the advanced signature identifies the signer and detect any subsequent change of data that could occur. The digital signature is a specific techology signature and created by the so-called System Asymmetric key cryptography and it works like that : The holder has two keys : public key and private key ,private key is only known to the issuer and is associated to the information you send .while the person who received only know their public key . Two keys are needed and complement each other to get the encrypted message appears as the original . When we want sent private information the information is encrypted by system which use mathematical operations so the information becames encripted ( strange numbers and letters) so the message only can be deciphered by the people who know the instruction and have a public key Conclusions and Recommendations It should be used by the organitations which have an important or secret information as banks, universities, hospitals, etc., these organitations should use digital signatures in order to avoid the risk of fraud .they have to be sure about the authenticy of the sender.

Corporal Punishment Is Physical Abuse :: essays research papers fc

Corporal Punishment Is Physical Abuse Corporal punishment is the execution of a judicially imposed sentence that inflicts a manner of physical pain upon the offenders body without killing him. In the past corporal punishment included flogging, whipping, branding and facial or bodily mutilation of all types. Corporal punishment also refers to the discipline of children at home and in schools but it was made illegal for punishing schoolchildren in 1986. Historically, corporal punishment was used in the ancient law codes of Hammurabi and Moses, in laws of Sparta and other Greek city states, in early Christian church teachings and in Anglo-Saxon common laws. It is still used in many parts of the world and remains in the criminal codes of several European communities. In the twentieth century, corporal punishment has received severe criticism. Many people believe it is a barbaric relic of a bygone age, completely opposite with present day humanitarian ethics. With a rising crime rate many are favouring the reinstitution of physical punishment for very wicked crimes. It has been shown that many adults in England want the restoration of corporal punishment for certain crimes, hoping that it will effect the reaction against an ever increasing amount of crime. The use of corporal punishment on children has also dropped sharply. In many school systems of the United States, for example, corporal punishment has been outlawed, it is also illegal in countries such as Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Norway. Corporal punishment for certain offences is very effective, because it's done quickly and feared by all. Not only will it teach the offender not to repeat his violent actions but it will also discourage him. It teaches the school boy or convict that doing wrong will be followed by pain and suffering. When used justly and without anger the giver is not brutalised. In many independent schools where it still occurs it is thought of as a final punishment. It accustoms the pupils to the hardships of real life and no bitterness is left after it has been used for good reasons. It is always impossible to make the punishment fit the crime, with corporal punishment the amount can be adjusted to suit the offender. It is much better than other punishments which are deadening to the mind and the body. Schools which don't find corporal punishment essential, especially for young children, substitute it with other methods which are equivalent to terrorising. Detentions are also harmful because they increase the nu mber of hours a boy is forced to spend indoors in physical inactivity. His restlessness is increased by the enforced restraint which leads to further